What a COA tells you
- Identity (mass spec)
- Purity (HPLC)
- Salt content
- Water content
- Net peptide content
HPLC purity standards
95% acceptable; 98% standard; 99%+ pharmaceutical-grade.
The salt issue
5mg labeled vial may be 4.0-4.5mg actual peptide after counting salts and water.
What if no COA?
Major red flag.\n
Third-party vs in-house testing?
Third-party is more credible.