Pinealon

The Memory Supporter

Enhance Memory: Improve Recall and Retention with Pinealon

Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide, which means it is a small protein-like molecule composed of three amino acids. The specific sequence of amino acids in Pinealon is Glycyl-L-Glutamyl-L-Aspartate. This peptide is of interest in scientific research due to its potential effects on brain function and aging.

Pinealon is thought to interact with certain processes in the brain that could influence memory and neuroprotective functions. This makes it a subject of study for its potential therapeutic roles in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease or in general brain health. Its small size allows it to penetrate the blood-brain barrier more easily than larger molecules, which could make it effective in delivering therapeutic effects directly to the brain.

Potential Benefits Under Research

• Neuroprotection: Pinealon may offer protective effects on brain cells, potentially mitigating damage associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s.
• Cognitive Enhancement: Research is looking into whether Pinealon can enhance cognitive functions, including memory and learning, especially relevant in aging populations.
• Anti-aging Effects: The peptide might influence cellular aging processes, potentially slowing down the aging of cells and promoting longer, healthier cell lifespans.
• Improved Recovery: There is interest in Pinealon’s ability to aid recovery from brain injuries or strokes by supporting neuronal health and regeneration.
• Stress Reduction: Preliminary findings suggest that Pinealon could help manage physiological responses to stress, potentially decreasing the adverse effects of chronic stress.
• Depression Management: Studies are exploring Pinealon’s potential to modulate neurotransmitter systems and brain plasticity, which might have implications for treating symptoms of depression.
• Reduction in Cell Death: Pinealon might help reduce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in critical situations, such as after a stroke or in neurodegenerative conditions, thereby preserving vital cellular functions.

Dosing Protocol for Research Purposes

• Dosage: Typical research dosages for animal studies range from 0.1 to 1 mg per kilogram of body weight. Human equivalent doses need careful adjustment and scaling based on body surface area.
• Administration: Pinealon can be administered via intraperitoneal, intravenous, or subcutaneous injections, depending on the study’s goals and the species being tested.
• Frequency: Administration frequency can vary but is often daily or multiple times per week to maintain consistent levels in the bloodstream.

Overview

Pinealon is a short peptide consisting of just three amino acids. It is one of a handful of synthetic peptides referred to as peptide bioregulators for their ability to interact directly with DNA to alter gene expression levels. Pinealon has been linked to behavior modification and is thought to help protect a number of cell types, including neurons, against the effects of hypoxia. By direct effect on the pineal gland, pinealon may reduce problems with drug metabolism, circadian rhythm disorders, memory, learning, and more. 

Structure

Source: PubChem 

Sequence: Glu-Asp-Arg
Molecular Formula: C1sH26N60a
Molecular Weight: 418.407 g/mol
PubChem CID: 18220191
Synonyms: Glutamylaspartylarginine, T-33 peptide

Pinealon Interacts Directly with DNA

Unlike most peptides, pinealon does not appear to bind to the cell surface or cytoplasmic receptors. This has led scientists to wonder how the short peptide can have any effect. In the past, it was suggested that pinealon may be small enough to cross lipid bilayers (e.g. the cell membrane, nuclear membrane) and may therefore be able to interact directly with DNA. Testing in cell cultures (Hela cells) indicates that pinealon directly penetrates the cell membrane as well as the nuclear membrane to interact with DNA. This makes pinealon a regulator of gene expression and explains the peptide’s myriad effects that cannot be explained by receptor interactions. 

Pinealon Research

Pinealon Research and Aging 

Pinealon may have anti-aging effects on the central nervous system. Research from Russia indicates that pinealon and a similar peptide, vesugen, are anabolic in the brain and can actually slow the rate of aging when calculated using biological age indicators. 

Pinealon is active in cells outside of the central nervous system as well. Research shows that the peptide also has effects on muscle cells where it alters the expression of irisin. lrisin is important to protecting muscle cells during exercise, promotes fat burning, and is thought to induce telomere elongation as well. By increasing the lifespan of irisin, pinealon boosts telomere protection and helps to fight off the effects of aging and oxidative stress. In fact, plasma irisin levels are directly linked to telomere length in healthy adults and levels of the enzyme have been directly linked to calorie restriction, one of the few activities known beyond doubt to prolong life and improve overall fitness. Interestingly, there is evidence that irisin is active outside of muscle cells and that pinealon may therefore have anti-aging effects that are broadly distributed throughout the body, including the brain. 

Pinealon Research and Neuron Protection 

Research in prenatal rats indicates that pinealon protects neurons against oxidative stress and thus protects cognitive function and motor coordination. The study showed marked decreases in both reactive oxygen species accumulation as well as number of necrotic cells in the brain in these rats. In other words, pinealon protects neurons from dying. 

The findings of the prenatal rat study discussed above have been confirmed in separate studies and extended in others. Confirmation that pinealon protects against reactive oxygen species and reduces necrotic cell death also came with the understanding that the peptide modifies the cell cycle as part of its protection against cell death[.2]. This was one of the first indications that pinealon was almost certainly interacting at the level of DNA. Interestingly, pinealon modulates the cell cycle by activating proliferation pathways. Under normal circumstances, this would lead to an increase in cell number, but under the setting of oxidative stress, this effect simply offsets some of the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species. 

The Measure of reactive oxygen species in controls, those exposed to ouabain, and animals exposed to both ouabain and pinealon at various doses. Source: Semantic Scholar  

Research in adult rats deprived of oxygen has also shown that pinealon increases the resistance of neurons to hypoxic stress. It appears to do this by stimulating innate anti-oxidative enzyme systems and limiting the excitotoxic effects of N-methyl-D­ aspartate. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) is an amino acid derivative that can kill nerve cells by
over-exciting them. NMDA has been shown to become overactive during withdrawal from alcohol and is at least partly responsible for the “shakes” or delirium tremors that affect chronic alcoholics during withdrawal. NMDA has been linked to nerve death in traumatic brain injury and ischemic stroke.

lrisin, which has been discussed in the context of muscle cell protection, has recently been found in the brain where it plays important roles in neural differentiation, proliferation, and energy expenditure. lrisin levels in the central nervous system have been found to stimulate genes in the hippocampus that are important to memory, learning, the overall neuron health. Research in rats suggests that exercise directly boosts levels of irisin in the brain, which may finally provide the link between physical activity and cognition. Scientists have speculated that irisin is the messenger that mediates crosstalk between skeletal muscle and the central nervous system during exercise. Pinealon boosts levels of irisin by altering the expression of the gene that codes for the enzyme. This leads to increased levels of irisin through a prolonged lifespan of the enzyme. 

Pinealon Research and Depression 

Research in cultures of brain cortex cells indicates that pinealon can boost the expression of 5-tryptophan hydroxylase via epigenetic changes. 5-tryptophan hydroxylase is critical to the production and secretion of serotonin, a peptide known to have neuroprotective and geroprotective features. It is also the signaling molecule most often targeted by anti-depressive drugs called selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). SSRIs have a number of side effects, however, and the ability to boost serotonin production organically could offer a means of fighting depression that is more physiologic and thus reduces side effects. 

Pinealon Protects Cells from Caspase-3 and Cell Death 

The initial understanding that pinealon could affect the cell cycle came from research into the effects of the peptide in rat models of ischemic stroke. These studies revealed that pinealon affects cytokine signaling which normally leads to an increase in levels of the caspase-3 enzyme. Caspase-3 is directly responsible for initiating apoptosis, or the controlled death of a cell via genetic instruction. By modulating caspase-3, pinealon shuts down at least one pathway to cell death and thus reduces the effects of oxygen deprivation during stroke. 

Caspase-3 is not only active in neurologic tissue though, it is almost universal. Research using models of heart attack indicates that pinealon may reduce caspase-3 levels following myocardial infarction. The short peptide may have applications both in treating heart attack and in preventing the long-term remodeling that causes so much dysfunction following a myocardial infarction. 

The benefit of pinealon in suppressing caspase-3 expression has been demonstrated in skin cells. By reducing apoptosis in the skin, pinealon promotes cell proliferation in both young and old animals alike. This leads to an increase in the regenerative process and has been shown to offset age-related pathology in the skin. Pinealon may eventually form part of a multi-faceted approach to wound healing and could have applications in everything from sun protection to serious burn treatment. 

Pinealon Research and Sleep Regulation 

It should come as no surprise, given its names, that pinealon affects the sleep-wake cycle as well as sleep behavior. Research indicates, that pinealon may help to regulate the dysfunction caused by shift work and other activities (e.g. long-distance travel) that interfere with normal sleep patterns. The peptide actually appears to reset the pineal gland to baseline in the setting of circadian rhythm disruption, improving sleep, depression, mood, blood pressure, and more as a result. 

The ability to regulate sleep actually corresponds strongly with rates of aging. Disturbed sleep is a recipe for disaster in the body and affects cognition, cardiac health, wound healing, mood, and more. Pinealon may therefore help to reduce the impact of sleep disturbance and thus offset the effects that it has on aging. This could be beneficial not only to those forced into disorder sleep due to their jobs, but to individuals suffering from organic disease that impacts sleep-wake cycles. 

Pinealon exhibits minimal side effects, low oral and excellent subcutaneous bioavailability in mice. Per kg dosage in mice does not scale to humans.

Article Author

The above literature was researched, edited and organized by Dr. Logan, M.D. Dr. Logan holds a doctorate degree from Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and a B.S. in molecular biology. 

Scientific Journal Author 

Vladimir Khavinson is a Professor, resident of the European region of the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics; Member of the Russian and Ukrainian Academies of Medical Sciences; Main gerontologist of the Health Committee of the Government of Saint Petersburg, Russia; Director of the Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology; Vice ­president of Gerontological Society of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Head of the Chair of Gerontology and Geriatrics of the North-Western State Medical University, St-Petersburg; Colonel of medical service (USSR, Russia), retired. Vladimir Khavinson is known for the discovery, experimental and clinical studies of new classes of peptide bioregulators as well as for the development of bioregulating peptide therapy. He is engaged in studying of the role of peptides in regulation of the mechanisms of ageing. His main field of actions is design, pre-clinical and clinical studies of new peptide geroprotectors. A 40-year­long investigation resulted in a multitude of methods of application of peptide bioregulators to slow down the process of aging and increase human life span. Six peptide-based pharmaceuticals and 64 peptide food supplements have been introduced into clinical practice by V. Khavinson. He is an author of 196 patents (Russian and international) as well as of 775 scientific publications. His major achievements are presented in two books: “Peptides and Ageing” (NEL, 2002) and “Gerontological aspects of genome peptide regulation” (Karger AG, 2005). Vladimir Khavinson introduced scientific specialty
“Gerontology and Geriatrics” in the Russian Federation on the governmental level. Academic Council headed by V. Khavinson has oversighted over 200 Ph.D. and Doctorate theses from many different countries. 

Prof. Vladimir Khavinson is being referenced as one of the leading scientists involved in the research and development of Pinealon. In no way is this doctor/scientist endorsing or advocating the purchase, sale, or use of this product for any reason. There is no affiliation or relationship, implied or otherwise, between Guide to Peptide and this doctor. The purpose of citing the doctor is to acknowledge, recognize, and credit the exhaustive research and development efforts conducted by the scientists studying this peptide. Prof. Vladimir Khavinson is listed in [1] [3] [5] [6] and [9] under the referenced citations. 

Referenced Citations 

1. L. I. Fedoreyeva, I. I. Kireev, V. K. Khavinson, and B. F. Vanyushin, “Penetration of short fluorescence-labeled peptides into the nucleus in HeLa cells and in vitro specific interaction of the peptides with deoxyribooligonucleotides and DNA,” Biochem. Biokhimiia, vol. 76, no. 11, pp. 1210-1219, Nov. 2011.
2. V. N. Meshchaninov, E. L. Tkachenko, S. V. Zharkov, I. V. Gavrilov, and I. E. Katyreva,
   “[EFFECT OF SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES ON AGING OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC POLYMORBIDITY AND ORGANIC BRAIN SYNDROME OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN REMISSION],” Adv. Gerontol. Uspekhi Gerontol., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 62-67, 2015. 
3. V. K. Khavinson, B. I. Kuznik, s. I. Tarnovskaya, and N. S. Lin’kova, “Short Peptides and Telomere Length Regulator Hormone lrisin,” Bull. Exp. Biol. Med., vol. 160, no.3, pp. 347-349,Jan. 2016. 
4. K. S. Rana et al., “Plasma irisin levels predict telomere length in healthy. adults,” Age Dordr. Neth., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 995-1001, Apr. 2014. 
5. A. Arutjunyan, L. Kozina, S. Stvolinskiy, Y Bulygina, A. Mashkina, and V. Khavinson,
   “Pinealon protects the rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia,” Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 179-185, 2012.
6. V. Khavinson et al., “Pinealon increases cell viability by suppression of free radical levels and activating_proliferative processes,” Rejuvenation Res., vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 535- 541, Oct. 2011. 
7. L. S. Kozina, “[Investigation of antihypoxic properties of short peptides],” Adv. Gerontol. Uspekhi Gerontol., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 61-67, 2008. 
8. J. Zhang and W. Zhang, “Can irisin be a linker between physical activity. and brain function?,” Biomol. Concepts, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 253-258,Aug.2016. 
9. V. K. Khavinson, N. S. Lin’kova, S. I. Tarnovskaya, R. S. Umnov, E. V. Elashkina, and A. 0. Durnova, “Short peptides stimulate serotonin expression in cells of brain cortex,” Bull. Exp. Biol. Med., vol. 157, no. 1, pp. 77-80, May 2014. 
10. A. M. MendzheritskiT, G. V. Karantysh, G. A. Ryzhak, and S. V. Dem’ianenko, “[Regulation of content of cytokines in blood serum and of caspase-3 activity. in brains of old rats in model of sharp hypoxic hypoxia with Cortexin and Pinealon],” Adv. Gerontol. Uspekhi Gerontol., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 94-97, 2014.
11. “Serum Caspase-3 pl 7 Fragment Is Elevated in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction I JACC: Journal of the American College of Cardiology.” [Online].
12. M.A. Voicekhovskaya, N. I. Chalisova, E. A.  Kontsevaya, and G. A. Ryzhak, “Effect of bioregulator. tripeptides on the culture of skin cells from young and old rats,” Bull. Exp. Biol. Med., vol. 152, no. 3, pp. 357-359, Jan. 2012. 

13. A. S. Bashkireva and V. G. Artamonova, “[The peptide correction of neurotic disorders among_professional truck-drivers],” Adv. Gerontol. Uspekhi Gerontol., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 718-728, 2012.