TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4)

The Muscle and Tissue Regenerator

Regenerate Muscle and Tissue: Boost Recovery with TB-500

TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4) is a peptide naturally present in high concentrations in many tissues of the body, including muscle, skin, and blood cells. It is a small protein fragment, specifically a chain of 43 amino acids, which plays a significant role in tissue repair, regeneration, and cell migration.

Thymosin Beta-4 has several important biological functions. It helps regulate the actin cytoskeleton—an integral component of the cellular structure—which is crucial for cell movement, proliferation, and differentiation. This regulation supports the body’s healing processes by enabling new blood vessel growth (angiogenesis), reducing inflammation, and promoting cell survival and migration, all of which are essential for effective tissue repair.

TB-500 is studied for its potential therapeutic effects on wound healing, cardiac damage, and inflammatory conditions due to its regenerative and anti-inflammatory properties. This peptide is of particular interest in research related to sports medicine and recovery therapies because of its ability to accelerate healing and reduce recovery time from tissue injuries.

Potential Benefits Under Research

• Enhanced Wound Healing: Accelerates the healing process of skin, muscle, and other tissues by promoting cell migration and proliferation.
• Anti-inflammatory Properties: Reduces inflammation in various body tissues, potentially beneficial for inflammatory conditions like arthritis.
• Cardiac Repair: Promotes repair of heart tissue after damage, such as from a heart attack, by encouraging new blood vessel growth and muscle cell regeneration.
• Neurological Function: Investigated for its potential to support nerve regeneration and improve outcomes in neurological injuries, potentially aiding in recovery from spinal cord injuries and stroke.
• Blood Vessel Growth (Angiogenesis): Stimulates the formation of new blood vessels, which is crucial for repairing damaged tissues and ensuring sufficient blood supply to healing areas.
• Antibiotic Synergy: Explored for its potential to work in conjunction with antibiotics to enhance their effectiveness, particularly in fighting infection in wound healing contexts.
• Improved Flexibility: Helps maintain and improve tissue flexibility, and prevents the formation of adhesions and fibrous bands in muscles, tendons, and ligaments.
• Hair Growth: Researched for its role in promoting hair growth, which may be applicable in treating conditions related to hair loss.

Dosing Protocol for Research Purposes

For Treating Injury:

• 750 mcg once a day over a period of 3 months, cycling 3 months “on” and one month “off”.
• 3 mg of TB-500 every other day (EOD), which works due to TB-500’s half-life of ~2-4 days.
• 2.0-2.5 mg of TB-500 subcutaneously once every two weeks (i.e. twice a month).

Overview

TB-500 is a 43 amino acid synthetic analogue of thymosin beta-4 (TB-4), which is found naturally in nearly all mammalian cells. TB-500 is known for its effects on actin protein, cell migration, and wound healing. TB-500 has been shown in animal models and in vitro studies to improve blood vessel growth, accelerate wound healing, decrease inflammation, and promote extracellular matrix production. The peptide is under current investigation for its ability to reduce oxidative stress in spinal cord injury, improve recovery following heart attack, and for its many anti-aging effects.

Structure

Sequence: Ac-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro-Asp-Met-Ala-Glu­lle-Glu-Lys-Phe-Asp-Lys-Ser-Lys-Leu-Lys-Lys-Thr­Glu-Thr-Gln-Glu-Lys-Asn-Pro-Leu-Pro-Ser-Lys-Glu­Thr-lle-Glu-Gln-Glu-Lys-Gln-Ala-Gly-Glu-Ser Molecular formula: C212H350N5s01aS
Molar Mass: 4963.4408
CAS number: 77591-33-4
PubChem: CID 16132341

TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4) Research

1. TB-500 and Neurologic Function

Research in rats has found that TB-500 encourages central and peripheral nervous system tissues to undergo repair and remodeling following injury. Though the exact mechanism has yet to be elucidated, the research indicates that TB-500 activates the cells that support neurons. These cells, called oligodendrocytes, keep neurons healthy. Boosting their activity actually improves blood vessel and neuron growth in brain regions that have been damaged, a significant laboratory result that is reflected in clinically significant improvements in behavior, motor control, and cognitive measurements.

Recent research shows that TB-500 can reduce oxidative stress following spinal cord injury and help transplanted neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) to survive long enough to enhance spinal regeneration. These findings could make TB-500 and other TB-4 derivatives of great use in treating severe spinal cord injury. TB-550 may offer critical insight into spinal recovery that allows paralyzed individuals to regain use of affected body regions.

2. TB-500 and Blood Vessel Growth

TB-500 and TB-4 are potent stimulators of VEGF expression. VEGF is an important signaling molecule in the growth of capillaries (small blood vessels), which are critical to everything from wound healing to hair growth. It is thought that the role of TB-500 is more complicated than this, however. Scientists speculate that the peptide likely underpins a number of steps in the process of blood vessel growth including extracellular matrix remodeling, vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and the transition of more primitive mesenchymal tissue to the specialized endothelial tissue that lines blood vessels. This speculation is valid because loss of TB-4 has been shown to interfere with blood vessel growth and stability while exogenous administration improves capillary formation and the recruitment of pericytes following injury.

3. TB-500 and Hair Growth

The discovery that TB-500 improves hair growth happened by accident. When mice that were genetically deficient in TB-4 were shaved for laboratory experiments, it was observed that their hair grew back much slower than wild-type mice. When these same scientists investigated hair growth in mice that were genetically modified to produce increased levels of TB-4, they found that their hair grew back much faster than normal. Under the microscope, these mice show increased numbers of hair shafts and grouped hair follicles.

4. TB-500 and Antibiotic Synergy

Multi-drug resistance is becoming increasingly common in a number of infections, rendering current therapy ineffective. Unfortunately, there are very few new antibiotics in the pipeline and the process of drug development can take upwards of twenty years on average. A recent study on the effects of TB-4 and its adjuvants, however, provides some hope. Studies of mice suffering from a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of the eye have found that TB-4 combined with ciprofloxacin, a standard antibiotic for treating Pseudomonas aeruginosa, increases the effects of the antibiotic, improves healing, reduces inflammation, and promotes faster recovery. The results of just five days of combined therapy showed decreased numbers of colony-forming units (CFUs), decreased neutrophil (a type of white blood cell) count, and decreased levels of inflammatory reactive oxygen species. This is the first study to demonstrate that TB-500 and similar peptides might be used to promote and enhance the effects of antibiotics.

5. TB-500 and Cardiovascular Health

Two decades of research have shown that TB-4 and its derivatives have a number of beneficial effects in the cardiovascular and renal systems. The exact mechanisms of these positive contributions are not clearly understood, however. Research suggests that the benefits are actually due to several mechanisms. First, TB-500 promotes the growth of collateral blood vessels, which is useful both as a

preventative and in restoring function following disease. Second, TB-500 encourages endothelial cell migration and myocyte survival following a heart attack. Finally, it appears that TB-500 works in concert with other natural signaling molecules to reduce inflammation and reduce fibrosis (scar formation).

Recently, research into hydrogels containing a combination of collagen and TB-4 has shown the peptide promotes angiogenesis and epicardial heart cell migration, thus boosting rates of recovery following ischemia and helping to prevent long-term complications by reducing scarring.

6. TB-500 and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Progress in finding a treatment for neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and prion disease has been slow at best. A recent study into the effects of TB-4 on the ability of the immune system to deal with prion protein has shown that the peptide enhances autophagy. Autophagy is the central nervous system’s primary protective mechanism against neurodegenerative diseases. The ability of TB-4 to enhance this natural immunity is the first progression toward real treatment of these debilitating diseases in a long time.

7. TB-500 Has Wide Application

TB-500 due to its fundamental role in cell structure and function can affect a number of different body tissues. This has resulted in a wide and varied field of research into the effects of this peptide. From Treating heart and neurological disease to enhancing the effects of antibiotics, TB-500 is one of the hottest peptides in research today and will likely remain one of the most heavily investigated peptides for the foreseeable future.

TB-500 exhibits minimal side effects, low oral and excellent subcutaneous bioavailability in mice. Per Kg dosage in mice does not scale to humans. 

Dosage

• For treating an injury, inject 2.0-2.5 mg of TB-500 twice a week in evenly spaced doses (i.e. Monday, Thursday of a given week) for a total of 4-6 weeks, taking 2 weeks “off” before resuming another “on” cycle of 4-6 weeks. 

There are three other ways to create a TB-500 protocol, each of which are focused on bodybuilding and staying injury-free year-round instead of treating a specific problem.

A) If you want a smaller dose delivered daily, go with 750 mcg once a day over a period of 3 months, cycling 3 months “on” and one month “off”

B) Same as A) but taking 3 mg of TB-500 every other day (EOD), which works due to TB-500’s half-life of ~2-4 days

C) If you just want to maintain and keep a strained area of the body supple, inject 2.0-2.5 mg of TB-500 subcutaneously once every two weeks (i.e. twice a month).

Article Author

The above literature was researched, edited and organized by Dr. Logan, M.D. Dr. Logan holds a doctorate degree from Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and a B.S. in molecular biology.

Scientific Journal Author

Allan L. Goldstein, MD, Allan L. Goldstein is a professor and Catharine B. & William McCormick Chair of the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, where he has served since 1978. Thymosins were discovered in the mid 1960’s, when Allan Goldstein from the Laboratory of Abraham White at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York studied the role of the thymus in the development of the vertebrate immune system. He is a world-renowned authority on the thymus gland and the workings of the immune system, and co-discoverer of the thymosins. Dr. Goldstein is the author of over 400 scientific articles in professional journals, the inventor of more than U.S. Patents, and the editor of several books in the fields of biochemistry, biomedicine, immunology and neuroscience. He is on the editorial boards of numerous scientific and medical journals and has been a consultant to many research organizations in industry and government; co-founder of The Institute for Advanced Studies in Aging And Geriatric Medicine, a non-profit research and educational institute; a member of the Board of Trustees of the Albert Sabin Vaccine Institute; and serves as the Chairman of the Board of RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals. Dr. Goldstein received his B.S. from Wagner College in 1959 and his M.S. and Ph.D. from Rutgers University in 1964. He served as a faculty member of the Albert Einstein College Of Medicine from 1964 to 1972 and moved to the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston in 1972 as professor and director of the division of Biochemistry.

Allan L. Goldstein, MD is being referenced as one of the leading scientists involved in the research and development of TB-500 and other Thymosins. In no way is this doctor/scientist endorsing or advocating the purchase, sale, or use of this product for any reason. There is no affiliation or relationship, implied or otherwise, between Guide to Peptide and this doctor. The purpose of citing the doctor is to acknowledge, recognize, and credit the exhaustive research and development efforts conducted by the scientists studying this peptide. Dr. Goldstein is listed under the reference citations.

Referenced Citations

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2. M. Chopp and Z. G. Zhang, “Thymosin P4 as a restorative/regenerative therapy for neurological injury and neurodegenerative diseases,” Expert Opin. Biol. Ther., vol. 15 Suppl 1, pp. S9-12, 2015. [PubMed] 
3. H. Li, Y. Wang, X. Hu, B. Ma, and H. Zhang, “Thymosin beta 4 attenuates oxidative stress induced injury of spinal cord-derived neural stem/progenitor cells through the TLR4/MyD88 pathway,” Gene, vol. 707, pp. 136-142, May 2019. [PubMed]
4. K. N. Dube and N. Smart, “Thymosihttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30063849/n 134 and the vasculature: multiple roles in development, repair and protection against disease,” Expert Opin. Biol. Ther., vol. 18, no. supl, pp. 131-139, 2018. [PubMed] 
5. D. Philp, S. St-Surin, H.-J. Cha, H.-S. Moon, H. K. Kleinman, and M. Elkin, “Thymosin beta 4 induces hair growth via stem cell migration and differentiation,” Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 1112, pp. 95-103, Sep. 2007. [PubMed] 
6. T. W. Carion et al., “Thymosin Beta-4 and Ciprofloxacin Adjunctive Therapy Improves Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced Keratitis,” Cells, vol. 7, no. 10, Sep. 2018.
7. K. M. Kassem, S. Vaid, H. Peng, S. Sarkar, and N.-E. Rhaleb, “Tl34-Ac-SDKP pathway: Any relevance for the cardiovascular system?,” Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., pp. 1- 11, Mar. 2019.
8. A. D. Shaghiera, P. Widiyanti, and H. Yusuf, “Synthesis and Characterization of Injectable Hydrogels with Varying Collagen-Chitosan­Thymosin 134 Composition for Myocardial Infarction Therapy,” J. Funct. Biomater., vol. 9, no. 2, Mar. 2018. [PubMed] 
9.  H.-J. Han, S. Kim, and J. Kwon, “Thymosin beta 4-induced Autophagy Increases Cholinergic Signaling in PrP (106-126)­Treated HT22 Cells,” Neurotox. Res., Dec. 2018.
10. Song, Ran & Choi, Hyun & Yang, Hyung-ln & Yoo, Myung & Park, Yong-Beom & Kim, Kyoung. (2012). Association between serum thymosin 134 levels of rheumatoid arthritis patients and disease activity and response to therapy. Clinical rheumatology. 31. 1253-8. 10.1007/s10067-012-2011-7. [Research Gate] 
11. Philp, D., et al. “Thymosin 134 Promotes Angiogenesis, Wound Healing, and Hair Follicle Development.” Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, vol. 125, no. 2, Feb. 2004, pp. 113-115, 10.1016/j.mad.2003.11.005. [PubMed]